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received as a citizen

  • 1 adscribo

    a-scrībo ( ads-, Baiter, Halm, Weissenb., K. and H.; as-, Kayser), psi, ptum, 3, v. a., to annex by writing, to add to a writing (syn.: annumero, addo, insero, attribuo, tribuo).
    I.
    In gen.
    A.
    Lit., constr. absol. or with dat., in with acc. or abl.
    a.
    Absol.:

    non solum illud perscribunt, quod tum prohibiti sunt, sed etiam causam ascribunt cur etc.,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 35:

    illud minime auguris, quod adscripsit, ob eam causam, etc.,

    id. Div. 1, 16, 29.—
    b.
    With dat.:

    Terentia salutem tibi plurimam adscribit,

    Cic. Att. 1, 5 fin.:

    coheredem sibi libertum ejus adscriptum,

    Suet. Vit. 14.—
    c.
    With in with acc. or abl.: hoc tibi respondeo: ascripsisse eundem Sullam in eandem legem: si quid, etc.: nam nisi esset, hoc in omnibus legibus non ascriberetur, Cic. Caecin. 33, 95 (B. and K., in eādem lege):

    antiquior dies in tuis adscripta litteris,

    id. ad Q. Fr. 3, 1, 3:

    in alterā epistulā diem non adscribis,

    do not add the date, id. Att. 3, 23:

    nomen suum in albo profitentium citharoedorum jussit adscribi,

    Suet. Ner. 21; id. Tib. 51 al.—Esp. freq. of superscriptions and inscriptions:

    Recita epistulam. TIMARCHIDES VERRIS ACCENSVS APRONIO. Jam hoc quidem non reprehendo, quod ascribit ACCENSVS,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 66:

    non credo ascripturum esse magno,

    id. Agr. 2, 20:

    novo si marmori adscripserunt Praxitelem suo,

    Phaedr. 5, prol. 6:

    tumulo publice exstructo adscripserant, pro libertate eos occubuisse,

    Suet. Aug. 12 fin.:

    ut qui statuarum titulis pronepotem se Q. Catuli Capitolini semper adscripserit,

    id. Galb. 2; id. Ner. 45; id. Aug. 70.—
    B.
    Trop.
    1.
    To impute, ascribe, attribute to one the cause of something:

    hoc incommodum Scipioni ascribendum videtur,

    Cic. Inv. 1, 49:

    panaces diis inventoribus adscriptum,

    Plin. 25, 4, 11, § 30; Claud. Laud. Stil. 2, 81;

    and (per hypallagen, cf. Rudd. II. p. 393): cur autem ascribimus illum his lacrimis (instead of illi has lacrimas),

    id. Rapt. Pros. 3, 419; cf. id. Idyll. 6, 81:

    nomini meo adscribatur victoria,

    Vulg. 2 Reg. 12, 28.—
    2.
    To place to one's credit, i. e. to settle, fix, designate, appoint:

    eidem (servo) adscripsisse legatum,

    bequeathed to him, Plin. Ep. 4, 10.— Poet.:

    culpam lues, olim cum adscriptus venerit poenae dies,

    Phaedr. 4, 11, 8.—
    3.
    Adscribere sibi aliquid, to apply, refer something to one's self:

    qui facere quae non possunt, verbis elevant, Adscribere hoc debebunt exemplum sibi,

    Phaedr. 4, 3, 6.—
    II.
    A.. Esp., t. t., to enroll, enter in a list ( as citizen, soldier, colonist, etc.):

    ascribi se in eam civitatem voluit,

    to be entered, received as a citizen, Cic. Arch. 4:

    si qui foederatis civitatibus ascripti fuissent,

    id. ib.:

    urbanae militiae adscribebatur,

    Tac. H. 2, 94:

    adscribantur ex Judaeis in exercitu regis ad triginta milia virorum,

    Vulg. 1 Macc. 10, 36: adscripti dicebantur qui in colonias nomina dedissent, ut essent coloni, Paul. ex Fest. p. 13 Müll.:

    colonos Venusiam adscripserunt,

    Liv. 31, 49; so id. 32, 7; 33, 24; 34, 42;

    35, 9 al.: coloniam deduxit adscriptis veteranis,

    Suet. Ner. 9;

    so also of ambassadors,

    Phaedr. 4, 17, 16.—
    B.
    Trop.
    1.
    To reckon or number in a class, include among:

    adscripsit Liber Satyris poëtas,

    Hor. Ep. 1, 19, 4 (cf. id. ib. 1, 9, 13:

    scribe tui gregis hunc): aliquem ordinibus deorum,

    id. C. 3, 3, 35:

    nationes Germanis an Sarmatis adscribam, dubito,

    Tac. G. 46:

    aliquem antiquis temporibus,

    id. Or. 17.—
    2.
    To add or join to:

    ad hoc genus ascribamus etiam narrationes apologorum,

    Cic. de Or. 2, 66, 264:

    admiratus eorum fidem tyrannus petivit, ut se ad amicitiam tertium adscriberent,

    id. Off. 3, 10, 45; so id. Tusc. 5, 22, 63; id. ad Q. Fr. 1, 1, 5:

    tu vero ascribe me in talem numerum,

    id. Phil. 2, 13:

    suae alicujus sententiam,

    id. Opt. Gen. 6:

    unus A. Gabinius belli maritimi Cn. Pompeio socius ascribitur, i. e. additur,

    id. Imp. Pomp. 19 fin. —Hence also of attributes of a deity:

    Jovi aquila adscribitur,

    is ascribed, Plin. 10, 5, 6, § 18.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > adscribo

  • 2 ascribo

    a-scrībo ( ads-, Baiter, Halm, Weissenb., K. and H.; as-, Kayser), psi, ptum, 3, v. a., to annex by writing, to add to a writing (syn.: annumero, addo, insero, attribuo, tribuo).
    I.
    In gen.
    A.
    Lit., constr. absol. or with dat., in with acc. or abl.
    a.
    Absol.:

    non solum illud perscribunt, quod tum prohibiti sunt, sed etiam causam ascribunt cur etc.,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 35:

    illud minime auguris, quod adscripsit, ob eam causam, etc.,

    id. Div. 1, 16, 29.—
    b.
    With dat.:

    Terentia salutem tibi plurimam adscribit,

    Cic. Att. 1, 5 fin.:

    coheredem sibi libertum ejus adscriptum,

    Suet. Vit. 14.—
    c.
    With in with acc. or abl.: hoc tibi respondeo: ascripsisse eundem Sullam in eandem legem: si quid, etc.: nam nisi esset, hoc in omnibus legibus non ascriberetur, Cic. Caecin. 33, 95 (B. and K., in eādem lege):

    antiquior dies in tuis adscripta litteris,

    id. ad Q. Fr. 3, 1, 3:

    in alterā epistulā diem non adscribis,

    do not add the date, id. Att. 3, 23:

    nomen suum in albo profitentium citharoedorum jussit adscribi,

    Suet. Ner. 21; id. Tib. 51 al.—Esp. freq. of superscriptions and inscriptions:

    Recita epistulam. TIMARCHIDES VERRIS ACCENSVS APRONIO. Jam hoc quidem non reprehendo, quod ascribit ACCENSVS,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 66:

    non credo ascripturum esse magno,

    id. Agr. 2, 20:

    novo si marmori adscripserunt Praxitelem suo,

    Phaedr. 5, prol. 6:

    tumulo publice exstructo adscripserant, pro libertate eos occubuisse,

    Suet. Aug. 12 fin.:

    ut qui statuarum titulis pronepotem se Q. Catuli Capitolini semper adscripserit,

    id. Galb. 2; id. Ner. 45; id. Aug. 70.—
    B.
    Trop.
    1.
    To impute, ascribe, attribute to one the cause of something:

    hoc incommodum Scipioni ascribendum videtur,

    Cic. Inv. 1, 49:

    panaces diis inventoribus adscriptum,

    Plin. 25, 4, 11, § 30; Claud. Laud. Stil. 2, 81;

    and (per hypallagen, cf. Rudd. II. p. 393): cur autem ascribimus illum his lacrimis (instead of illi has lacrimas),

    id. Rapt. Pros. 3, 419; cf. id. Idyll. 6, 81:

    nomini meo adscribatur victoria,

    Vulg. 2 Reg. 12, 28.—
    2.
    To place to one's credit, i. e. to settle, fix, designate, appoint:

    eidem (servo) adscripsisse legatum,

    bequeathed to him, Plin. Ep. 4, 10.— Poet.:

    culpam lues, olim cum adscriptus venerit poenae dies,

    Phaedr. 4, 11, 8.—
    3.
    Adscribere sibi aliquid, to apply, refer something to one's self:

    qui facere quae non possunt, verbis elevant, Adscribere hoc debebunt exemplum sibi,

    Phaedr. 4, 3, 6.—
    II.
    A.. Esp., t. t., to enroll, enter in a list ( as citizen, soldier, colonist, etc.):

    ascribi se in eam civitatem voluit,

    to be entered, received as a citizen, Cic. Arch. 4:

    si qui foederatis civitatibus ascripti fuissent,

    id. ib.:

    urbanae militiae adscribebatur,

    Tac. H. 2, 94:

    adscribantur ex Judaeis in exercitu regis ad triginta milia virorum,

    Vulg. 1 Macc. 10, 36: adscripti dicebantur qui in colonias nomina dedissent, ut essent coloni, Paul. ex Fest. p. 13 Müll.:

    colonos Venusiam adscripserunt,

    Liv. 31, 49; so id. 32, 7; 33, 24; 34, 42;

    35, 9 al.: coloniam deduxit adscriptis veteranis,

    Suet. Ner. 9;

    so also of ambassadors,

    Phaedr. 4, 17, 16.—
    B.
    Trop.
    1.
    To reckon or number in a class, include among:

    adscripsit Liber Satyris poëtas,

    Hor. Ep. 1, 19, 4 (cf. id. ib. 1, 9, 13:

    scribe tui gregis hunc): aliquem ordinibus deorum,

    id. C. 3, 3, 35:

    nationes Germanis an Sarmatis adscribam, dubito,

    Tac. G. 46:

    aliquem antiquis temporibus,

    id. Or. 17.—
    2.
    To add or join to:

    ad hoc genus ascribamus etiam narrationes apologorum,

    Cic. de Or. 2, 66, 264:

    admiratus eorum fidem tyrannus petivit, ut se ad amicitiam tertium adscriberent,

    id. Off. 3, 10, 45; so id. Tusc. 5, 22, 63; id. ad Q. Fr. 1, 1, 5:

    tu vero ascribe me in talem numerum,

    id. Phil. 2, 13:

    suae alicujus sententiam,

    id. Opt. Gen. 6:

    unus A. Gabinius belli maritimi Cn. Pompeio socius ascribitur, i. e. additur,

    id. Imp. Pomp. 19 fin. —Hence also of attributes of a deity:

    Jovi aquila adscribitur,

    is ascribed, Plin. 10, 5, 6, § 18.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > ascribo

  • 3 קיבל אזרחות

    received his citizenship, became a citizen

    Hebrew-English dictionary > קיבל אזרחות

  • 4 normal

    adj.
    normal.
    lleva una vida normal she leads a fairly normal o ordinary life
    este hermano tuyo no es normal there must be something wrong with that brother of yours
    es normal que estés cansado it's hardly surprising that you're tired
    normal y corriente run-of-the-mill
    es una persona normal y corriente he's a perfectly ordinary person
    * * *
    1 (corriente, habitual) normal, usual, average; (lógico) normal, natural
    1 (escuela) teacher training college
    2 (gasolina) two-star petrol, US regular gasoline
    3 (en geometría) perpendicular, normal
    * * *
    adj.
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) (=usual) normal

    -¿es guapo? -no, normal y corriente — "is he handsome?" - "no, just ordinary"

    2) [gasolina] three-star, regular (EEUU)
    3) (Téc) standard; (Mat, Quím) normal
    4)

    Escuela Normal — esp LAm teacher training college

    * * *
    I
    a) (común, usual) normal

    no es normal que haga tanto frío — it's unusual o it isn't normal for it to be so cold

    b) ( sin graves defectos) normal

    esa chica no es normal — (fam) there's something wrong with that girl (colloq)

    II
    adverbio (fam) normally
    III
    a) ( escuela)
    b) ( gasolina) regular gas (AmE), two-star petrol (BrE)
    * * *
    = average, commonplace, common [commoner -comp., commonest -sup.], normal, ordinary, run-of-the-mill, standard, usual, middle-of-the-range, unsophisticated, line + Profesión, received, regular, commonly seen, indistinctive.
    Ex. The average family does have very real information needs, even though these may not be immediately recognized as such.
    Ex. Microfilm and microfiche formats are now commonplace in most libraries.
    Ex. When the cataloguer turns to the description of a piece of music a common problem will be the absence of a title page to be used as the chief source of information.
    Ex. It is normal to make added entries in respect of important editors.
    Ex. Control is exercised over which terms are used, but otherwise the terms are ordinary words.
    Ex. Guides are almost always worth thinking of as the first type of bibliography to search when it is a quick check of run-of-the-mill bibliographical facts which is required.
    Ex. Photographs are normally kept in drawers of standard filing cabinets, with folders or pockets, or both.
    Ex. It had three novel features: relative location, instead of the more usual fixed location.
    Ex. In effect, the book started its life rather more as a light entertainment middle-of-the-range hardback autobiography but popular acclaim turned it into a huge mass-market paperback success.
    Ex. Here is a clear indication of the extent, during the eighteenth century, to which the unsophisticated reader lagged behind his middle class compatriots = Aquí tenemos una clara indicación del grado en el que, durante el siglo dieciocho, el lector normal iba por detrás de sus compatriotas de clase media.
    Ex. In larger libraries, line librarians are also likely to be MLS graduates.
    Ex. It was interesting, in view of the received opinion that 'We don't have many problems round here'.
    Ex. The article 'Filtering software: regular or decaf?' explains that most vendors define filtering software as that which blocks, filters, or monitors Internet use.
    Ex. This typology divides humor comics into commonly seen subject areas, such as teen, kiddie, horror, military, and so on = Esta tipología divide los comics de humor en áreas temáticas conocidas como adolescentes, infantil, terror, militar, etc.
    Ex. This research suggests that people are threatened by categorizations that portray them as too distinctive or too indistinctive.
    ----
    * agua normal = still water.
    * a su precio normal = at full price.
    * ciudadano normal = ordinary citizen, member of the public.
    * como algo normal = as a matter of course.
    * como es normal = as always.
    * convertirse en algo normal = become + standard practice.
    * convertirse en + Nombre + normal = become + standard + Nombre.
    * de extensión normal = standard-length.
    * de la manera normal = in the normal manner.
    * de tamaño normal = full-sized, ordinary sized.
    * día normal = ordinary day.
    * en circunstancias normales = in the course of events, during the course of events, under normal circumstances, in the normal run of things, in the normal run of events.
    * en el curso normal de = in the mainstream of.
    * en el curso normal de las cosas = in the normal run of things, in the normal run of events.
    * en el curso normal de los acontecimientos = in the normal run of events, in the normal run of things.
    * en el transcurso normal de + Posesivo + vida(s) = in the normal course of + Posesivo + life/lives.
    * en situaciones normales = under normal circumstances.
    * fuera del horario normal = out of hours, at odd times.
    * fuera de lo normal = abnormally + Adjetivo, with a difference, unordinary, out of the ordinary.
    * gente normal = ordinary men and women, straight people.
    * gente normal, la = ordinary people, hoi polloi, the.
    * lejía normal = household bleach.
    * lenguaje normal = plain language.
    * letra normal = light type, light face type.
    * lo normal + ser + que = there + be + a tendency (to/for).
    * material de tamaño mayor de lo normal = outsize material.
    * normal, lo = standard practice, the, the normal run of.
    * normal y corriente = unremarkable.
    * parto normal = vaginal delivery.
    * permanecer normal = remain + normal.
    * persona normales = ordinary person.
    * poco normal = unnatural, unordinary, out of the ordinary.
    * por debajo de lo normal = below-normal.
    * por debajo del peso normal = underweight.
    * precio normal = full price.
    * prensa normal, la = broadsheet press, the.
    * sábana normal = flat sheet.
    * seguir con + Posesivo + vida normal = get on with + Posesivo + life.
    * ser algo normal = be a fact of life, become + a common feature, be a part of life.
    * ser lo normal = be the order of the day.
    * ser normal = be the case (with).
    * trabajar a horas fuera de lo normal = work + unsocial hours.
    * un día normal = on a typical day.
    * volver a la vida normal = get (back) into + the swings of things.
    * * *
    I
    a) (común, usual) normal

    no es normal que haga tanto frío — it's unusual o it isn't normal for it to be so cold

    b) ( sin graves defectos) normal

    esa chica no es normal — (fam) there's something wrong with that girl (colloq)

    II
    adverbio (fam) normally
    III
    a) ( escuela)
    b) ( gasolina) regular gas (AmE), two-star petrol (BrE)
    * * *
    = average, commonplace, common [commoner -comp., commonest -sup.], normal, ordinary, run-of-the-mill, standard, usual, middle-of-the-range, unsophisticated, line + Profesión, received, regular, commonly seen, indistinctive.

    Ex: The average family does have very real information needs, even though these may not be immediately recognized as such.

    Ex: Microfilm and microfiche formats are now commonplace in most libraries.
    Ex: When the cataloguer turns to the description of a piece of music a common problem will be the absence of a title page to be used as the chief source of information.
    Ex: It is normal to make added entries in respect of important editors.
    Ex: Control is exercised over which terms are used, but otherwise the terms are ordinary words.
    Ex: Guides are almost always worth thinking of as the first type of bibliography to search when it is a quick check of run-of-the-mill bibliographical facts which is required.
    Ex: Photographs are normally kept in drawers of standard filing cabinets, with folders or pockets, or both.
    Ex: It had three novel features: relative location, instead of the more usual fixed location.
    Ex: In effect, the book started its life rather more as a light entertainment middle-of-the-range hardback autobiography but popular acclaim turned it into a huge mass-market paperback success.
    Ex: Here is a clear indication of the extent, during the eighteenth century, to which the unsophisticated reader lagged behind his middle class compatriots = Aquí tenemos una clara indicación del grado en el que, durante el siglo dieciocho, el lector normal iba por detrás de sus compatriotas de clase media.
    Ex: In larger libraries, line librarians are also likely to be MLS graduates.
    Ex: It was interesting, in view of the received opinion that 'We don't have many problems round here'.
    Ex: The article 'Filtering software: regular or decaf?' explains that most vendors define filtering software as that which blocks, filters, or monitors Internet use.
    Ex: This typology divides humor comics into commonly seen subject areas, such as teen, kiddie, horror, military, and so on = Esta tipología divide los comics de humor en áreas temáticas conocidas como adolescentes, infantil, terror, militar, etc.
    Ex: This research suggests that people are threatened by categorizations that portray them as too distinctive or too indistinctive.
    * agua normal = still water.
    * a su precio normal = at full price.
    * ciudadano normal = ordinary citizen, member of the public.
    * como algo normal = as a matter of course.
    * como es normal = as always.
    * convertirse en algo normal = become + standard practice.
    * convertirse en + Nombre + normal = become + standard + Nombre.
    * de extensión normal = standard-length.
    * de la manera normal = in the normal manner.
    * de tamaño normal = full-sized, ordinary sized.
    * día normal = ordinary day.
    * en circunstancias normales = in the course of events, during the course of events, under normal circumstances, in the normal run of things, in the normal run of events.
    * en el curso normal de = in the mainstream of.
    * en el curso normal de las cosas = in the normal run of things, in the normal run of events.
    * en el curso normal de los acontecimientos = in the normal run of events, in the normal run of things.
    * en el transcurso normal de + Posesivo + vida(s) = in the normal course of + Posesivo + life/lives.
    * en situaciones normales = under normal circumstances.
    * fuera del horario normal = out of hours, at odd times.
    * fuera de lo normal = abnormally + Adjetivo, with a difference, unordinary, out of the ordinary.
    * gente normal = ordinary men and women, straight people.
    * gente normal, la = ordinary people, hoi polloi, the.
    * lejía normal = household bleach.
    * lenguaje normal = plain language.
    * letra normal = light type, light face type.
    * lo normal + ser + que = there + be + a tendency (to/for).
    * material de tamaño mayor de lo normal = outsize material.
    * normal, lo = standard practice, the, the normal run of.
    * normal y corriente = unremarkable.
    * parto normal = vaginal delivery.
    * permanecer normal = remain + normal.
    * persona normales = ordinary person.
    * poco normal = unnatural, unordinary, out of the ordinary.
    * por debajo de lo normal = below-normal.
    * por debajo del peso normal = underweight.
    * precio normal = full price.
    * prensa normal, la = broadsheet press, the.
    * sábana normal = flat sheet.
    * seguir con + Posesivo + vida normal = get on with + Posesivo + life.
    * ser algo normal = be a fact of life, become + a common feature, be a part of life.
    * ser lo normal = be the order of the day.
    * ser normal = be the case (with).
    * trabajar a horas fuera de lo normal = work + unsocial hours.
    * un día normal = on a typical day.
    * volver a la vida normal = get (back) into + the swings of things.

    * * *
    A
    1 (común, usual) normal
    no es normal que siempre estén discutiendo it isn't normal the way they argue all the time
    es una situación muy normal hoy en día it's a very common situation nowadays
    no es normal que haga tanto frío en octubre it's unusual o it isn't normal for it to be so cold in October
    me parece lo más normal del mundo to me it seems the most normal o natural thing in the world
    inteligencia superior a la normal above-average intelligence
    es una chica normalita she's nothing out of the ordinary
    normal y corriente ‹mujer/chico› ordinary;
    ‹jugador› ordinary, run-of-the-mill; ‹libro/vestido› ordinary
    el miedo de una embarazada a que la criatura no sea normal a pregnant woman's fear that her baby will be abnormal
    esa chica no es normal ( fam); there's something wrong with that girl ( colloq)
    B (en geometría) perpendicular, normal
    ( fam); normally
    habla/anda normal he talks/walks quite normally
    cocina normal as a cook she's about average, she cooks averagely well
    A (en geometría) perpendicular, normal
    B
    (escuela): la N normal teacher training college
    C (gasolina) regular grade gasoline ( AmE), regular gas ( AmE), two-star petrol ( BrE)
    * * *

     

    normal adjetivo
    normal;

    hoy en día es muy normal it's very common nowadays;
    no es normal que haga tanto frío it's unusual o it isn't normal for it to be so cold;
    superior a lo normal above-average;
    normal y corriente ordinary
    ■ sustantivo femenino
    a) ( escuela):



    normal adjetivo
    1 normal, usual: no es normal que llueva tanto, it's unusual for it to rain so much
    2 Geom perpendicular
    ' normal' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    conchabarse
    - contrapelo
    - cualquier
    - deterioro
    - extemporánea
    - extemporáneo
    - fenomenal
    - frecuente
    - gasolina
    - larga
    - largo
    - mestizaje
    - natural
    - normalizar
    - normalizarse
    - residencia
    - retener
    - usual
    - cauce
    - común
    - corriente
    - debajo
    - lógico
    - mundo
    - normalidad
    - ordinario
    - seguir
    - top-less
    English:
    bed
    - below
    - dare
    - deviation
    - diet
    - excuse
    - fuck
    - general
    - high
    - late
    - must
    - natural
    - need
    - norm
    - normal
    - ordinary
    - outside
    - par
    - procedure
    - regular
    - saint
    - self
    - shall
    - should
    - standard
    - still
    - two-star petrol
    - unexceptional
    - usual
    - average
    - class
    - common
    - course
    - early
    - herself
    - himself
    - long
    - myself
    - pattern
    - run
    - subnormal
    - teacher
    - themselves
    - under
    - unnatural
    - unusual
    - yourself
    - yourselves
    * * *
    ♦ adj
    1. [natural, regular] normal;
    lleva una vida normal she leads a fairly normal o ordinary life;
    el paciente tiene una temperatura/un pulso normal the patient's temperature/pulse is normal;
    cuando se lo dije se enfadó mucho – ¡normal! he was really cross when I told him – that's hardly surprising!;
    este hermano tuyo no es normal there must be something wrong with that brother of yours;
    es normal que estés cansado it's hardly surprising that you're tired;
    no es normal que llore por una tontería así it's not normal for him to cry over a silly thing like that;
    contiene todo lo que un usuario normal y corriente necesita it contains everything the average user needs;
    es una persona normal y corriente he's a perfectly ordinary person
    2. [gasolina] Br three-star, US regular
    3. Mat perpendicular
    ♦ nf
    [gasolina] Br three-star petrol, US regular gasoline
    ♦ adv
    Fam normally;
    me cuesta mucho caminar normal I find it really hard to walk normally
    * * *
    adj normal
    * * *
    normal adj
    1) : normal, usual
    2) : standard
    3)
    escuela normal : teacher-training college
    * * *
    normal adj
    1. (común, usual) normal
    2. (corriente) ordinary

    Spanish-English dictionary > normal

  • 5 אפוכי (אופכי

    אַפּוּכִי(אוּפְכִי, אִיפּוּכִי) f. ( אפך, הפך v. cmp. חליפין) return, exchange, equivalent, settlement (cmp. esp. Targ. Prov. 24:29, a. P. Sm. s. v. הפך). Lev. R. s. 34, end א׳ דידה הן היא (Yalk. Lev. 665 אִיפּוּכִין, pl.) where is the equivalent for the money spent? Ib. and of all those (praised for their deeds with ashré) לא נטל א׳ אלא זה (Yal. l. c. איפוכין) none received the promise of an equivalent except this (Ps. 41:2). Gen. R. s. 42 on the day of the destruction of Jerusalem נטלו ישראל אפכי Ar. (ed. אופכי) Israel received full payment for all their sins (ref. to Lam. 4:22). Ib. א׳ גדולה ample, general settlement; Lam. R. l. c. א׳ שלימה settlement in full. Tanḥ. Shmoth 13, אפיפסים, corr. acc. Num. R. s. 13; Esth. R. introd. Ruth R. introd. אופכין (corr. acc.). (Lam. R. to III, 13 אפוכי בני Mus., hostages; v. אֹופִיכָא)Pl. אִפֹּוכִיֹּות, אַפְכִיֹּות Ylamd. Shlaḥ, quot. in Ar.; Num. R. s. 17 a citizen was paying annonae ובותב א׳ and writing agreements of converting (security for the case of forfeiture); v., however, אַנְפָּרוּת.

    Jewish literature > אפוכי (אופכי

  • 6 אַפּוּכִי

    אַפּוּכִי(אוּפְכִי, אִיפּוּכִי) f. ( אפך, הפך v. cmp. חליפין) return, exchange, equivalent, settlement (cmp. esp. Targ. Prov. 24:29, a. P. Sm. s. v. הפך). Lev. R. s. 34, end א׳ דידה הן היא (Yalk. Lev. 665 אִיפּוּכִין, pl.) where is the equivalent for the money spent? Ib. and of all those (praised for their deeds with ashré) לא נטל א׳ אלא זה (Yal. l. c. איפוכין) none received the promise of an equivalent except this (Ps. 41:2). Gen. R. s. 42 on the day of the destruction of Jerusalem נטלו ישראל אפכי Ar. (ed. אופכי) Israel received full payment for all their sins (ref. to Lam. 4:22). Ib. א׳ גדולה ample, general settlement; Lam. R. l. c. א׳ שלימה settlement in full. Tanḥ. Shmoth 13, אפיפסים, corr. acc. Num. R. s. 13; Esth. R. introd. Ruth R. introd. אופכין (corr. acc.). (Lam. R. to III, 13 אפוכי בני Mus., hostages; v. אֹופִיכָא)Pl. אִפֹּוכִיֹּות, אַפְכִיֹּות Ylamd. Shlaḥ, quot. in Ar.; Num. R. s. 17 a citizen was paying annonae ובותב א׳ and writing agreements of converting (security for the case of forfeiture); v., however, אַנְפָּרוּת.

    Jewish literature > אַפּוּכִי

  • 7 Г-20

    ВО ГЛАВЕ PrepP Invar
    1. идти, маршировать и т. п. - кого-чего (the resulting PrepP is subj-compl with copula (subj: human or collect) or adv
    (to walk, march etc) in front, ahead of others
    at the head (of sth.)
    leading ( s.o. sth.) in the lead (in limited contexts) in the first row.
    Полгода назад он (Коля) шёл с лопатой через плечо во главе комсомольского воскресника и пел во всю глотку - а сейчас даже о боли своей не мог рассказать громче шёпота (Солженицын 10). Six months ago he (Kolya) had been striding along, a spade over his shoulder, at the head of a Young Communists' Sunday working party, singing at the top of his voice. Now he could not raise his voice above a whisper, even when talking about his pain (10a).
    2. бытье, стоять, (в)стать и т. п. \Г-20 (the resulting PrepP is subj-compl with copula (subj: human or collect) or obj-compl with поставить кого etc
    obj: human or collect)) (to be) in a position of authority, (to take over) as leader (of s.o. or sth.): (be (put s.o.)) at the head (of sth.) (be (become)) s.o. fc leader (be (become)) leader of sth. (be (leave s.o. etc)) in charge (of sth.) take command of sth. (in limited contexts) take the lead (in sth.)
    spearhead sth.. По-видимому, он про себя рассуждал так: сегодня женщину поставили во главе государства, а завтра поставят во главе стола (Искандер 4). Не apparently reasoned thus: Today they've put a woman at the head of the government, tomorrow they'll put her at the head of the table (4a).
    (Лорд:) Во главе вас станет ваш царь Кири-Куки 1-ый, а я окажу помощь (Булгаков 1). (Lord:) Your Tsar Kiri-Kuki the First will be our leader, and I will assist (1a).
    Я бы, товарищи, ещё трижды подумал, оставлять ли его во главе столь ответственного участка, как Лаборатория № 4» (Аксёнов 6). "I would think twice, comrades, before leaving him in charge of such a sensitive department as Laboratory Number 4" (6a).
    (Яков Фомин) стал во главе мятежного полка, но... за спиной Фомина правила делами и руководила Фоминым группа большевистски настроенных казаков (Шолохов 4). (Yakov Fomin) took command of the insurgent regi- ment, but...behind him stood a group of Bolshevik-minded Cossacks who held the reins of power (4a).
    3. \Г-20 с кем (the resulting PrepP is nonagreeing modif) having s.o. as leader
    with s.o. at the head
    under the leadership of led (headed) by.
    В дежурное помещение, поддерживая друг друга, явилась невероятная компания во главе с известным в городе гражданином, директором санатория имени XIX партсъезда, генералом в отставке Чувиковым (Аксенов 6). The duty room was invaded by an incredible rabble of people, supporting one another, who were led by a well-known citizen of Yalta, director of the Nineteenth Party Congress Sanatorium, retired Major-General Chuvikov (6a).
    ...Она (труппа) однажды явилась во главе с Шарлем Лагранжем и сообщила Мольеру, что ввиду того, что он соединяет с необыкновенными способностями честность и приятное обращение, труппа просит его не беспокоиться: актёры не уйдут искать счастья на стороне, какие бы выгодные предложения им ни делали (Булгаков 5)....One day his (Мо-lieres) players came to him, headed by Charles La Grange, and assured him that, in view of his fairness and kindness, as well as his extraordinary talents, he had nothing to worry about-they would not leave to seek their fortunes elsewhere no matter how tempting the offers they received (5a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > Г-20

  • 8 во главе

    [PrepP; Invar]
    =====
    1. идти, маршировать и т. п. - кого-чего [the resulting PrepP is subj-compl with copula (subj: human or collect) or adv]
    ⇒ (to walk, march etc) in front, ahead of others:
    - at the head (of sth.);
    - leading (s.o. < sth.>);
    - [in limited contexts] in the first row.
         ♦ Полгода назад он [Коля] шёл с лопатой через плечо во главе комсомольского воскресника и пел во всю глотку - а сейчас даже о боли своей не мог рассказать громче шёпота (Солженицын 10). Six months ago he [Kolya] had been striding along, a spade over his shoulder, at the head of a Young Communists' Sunday working party, singing at the top of his voice. Now he could not raise his voice above a whisper, even when talking about his pain (10a).
    2. быть, стоять, (в)стать и т.п. - [the resulting PrepP is subj-compl with copula (subj: human or collect) or obj-compl with поставить кого etc (obj: human or collect)]
    ⇒ (to be) in a position of authority, (to take over) as leader (of s.o. or sth.):
    - (be <put s.o.>) at the head (of sth.);
    - (be < become>) s.o.'s leader;
    - (be < become>) leader of sth.;
    - (be <leave s.o. etc>) in charge (of sth.);
    - take command of sth.;
    - [in limited contexts] take the lead (in sth.);
    - spearhead (sth.).
         ♦ По-видимому, он про себя рассуждал так: сегодня женщину поставили во главе государства, а завтра поставят во главе стола (Искандер 4). He apparently reasoned thus: Today they've put a woman at the head of the government, tomorrow they'll put her at the head of the table (4a).
         ♦ [Лорд:] Во главе вас станет ваш царь Кири-Куки 1-ый, а я окажу помощь (Булгаков 1). [Lord:] Your Tsar Kiri-Kuki the First will be our leader, and I will assist (1a).
         ♦ "Я бы, товарищи, ещё трижды подумал, оставлять ли его во главе столь ответственного участка, как Лаборатория № 4" (Аксёнов 6). "I would think twice, comrades, before leaving him in charge of such a sensitive department as Laboratory Number 4" (6a).
         ♦ [Яков Фомин] стал во главе мятежного полка, но... за спиной Фомина правила делами и руководила Фоминым группа большевистски настроенных казаков (Шолохов 4). [Yakov Fomin] took command of the insurgent regiment, but...behind him stood a group of Bolshevik-minded Cossacks who held the reins of power (4a).
    3. во главе с кем [the resulting PrepP is nonagreeing modif]
    ⇒ having s.o. as leader:
    - with s.o. at the head;
    - led (headed) by.
         ♦ В дежурное помещение, поддерживая друг друга, явилась невероятная компания во главе с известным в городе гражданином, директором санатория имени XIX партсъезда, генералом в отставке Чувиковым (Аксёнов 6). The duty room was invaded by an incredible rabble of people, supporting one another, who were led by a well-known citizen of Yalta, director of the Nineteenth Party Congress Sanatorium, retired Major-General Chuvikov (6a).
         ♦...Она [труппа] однажды явилась во главе с Шарлем Лагранжем и сообщила Мольеру, что ввиду того, что он соединяет с необыкновенными способностями честность и приятное обращение, труппа просит его не беспокоиться: актёры не уйдут искать счастья на стороне, какие бы выгодные предложения им ни делали (Булгаков 5)....One day his [Moliere's] players came to him, headed by Charles La Grange, and assured him that, in view of his fairness and kindness, as well as his extraordinary talents, he had nothing to worry about - they would not leave to seek their fortunes elsewhere no matter how tempting the offers they received (5a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > во главе

  • 9 pasivo

    adj.
    passive, indifferent, patient, inactive.
    m.
    1 liability, liabilities, debt.
    2 passive, passive voice.
    3 passive, passive construction, passive form.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: pasivar.
    * * *
    1 passive
    1 COMERCIO liabilities plural
    \
    voz pasiva passive voice, passive
    ————————
    1 COMERCIO liabilities plural
    * * *
    (f. - pasiva)
    adj.
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) [+ persona, comportamiento] passive

    es un niño muy pasivo y nunca toma la iniciativa — he is a very passive child, he never takes the initiative

    2) (Ling) passive
    2.
    SM (Com, Econ) liabilities pl ; [de cuenta] debit side

    pasivo circulante, pasivo corriente — current liabilities pl

    * * *
    I
    - va adjetivo
    1) <actitud/persona> passive
    2) (Econ, Servs Socs)
    3) (Ling) < oración> passive
    4) (Esp frml) (Fisco)
    II
    masculino ( en negocio) liabilities (pl); ( en cuenta) debit side
    * * *
    = passive, reactive.
    Ex. If the library is not to be passive, can it remain neutral on subjects such as race, war and inequality?.
    Ex. In all of the helping professions there is need for both active and reactive service.
    ----
    * fumadores pasivos = passive smoking.
    * fumador pasivo = passive smoker, second-hand smoker.
    * sujeto pasivo = taxpayer [tax-payer].
    * * *
    I
    - va adjetivo
    1) <actitud/persona> passive
    2) (Econ, Servs Socs)
    3) (Ling) < oración> passive
    4) (Esp frml) (Fisco)
    II
    masculino ( en negocio) liabilities (pl); ( en cuenta) debit side
    * * *
    = passive, reactive.

    Ex: If the library is not to be passive, can it remain neutral on subjects such as race, war and inequality?.

    Ex: In all of the helping professions there is need for both active and reactive service.
    * fumadores pasivos = passive smoking.
    * fumador pasivo = passive smoker, second-hand smoker.
    * sujeto pasivo = taxpayer [tax-payer].

    * * *
    pasivo1 -va
    A ‹actitud/persona› passive
    la población pasiva the non-working population
    C ( Ling) ‹oración› passive
    D ( Esp frml) ( Fisco) pasivo DE algo; liable FOR sth
    sujetos pasivos de la imposición indirecta persons liable for indirect taxation
    1 (en un negocio) liabilities (pl)
    2 (en una cuenta) debit side
    pasivo3 -va
    masculine, feminine
    (Chi, Ur frml) senior citizen, old age pensioner
    * * *

     

    pasivo 1
    ◊ -va adjetivo

    passive
    pasivo 2 sustantivo masculino ( en negocio) liabilities (pl);

    ( en cuenta) debit side
    pasivo,-a
    I adjetivo passive
    II m Com liabilities pl
    ' pasivo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    pasiva
    - fumador
    - participio
    - sin
    - tabaquismo
    English:
    deserve
    - doom
    - liability
    - need
    - passive
    - rack
    - rank
    - reckon
    - report
    - sandwich
    - sell out
    - set
    - set back
    - shatter
    - station
    - strand
    - strike off
    - stump
    - stupefy
    - suppose
    - take aback
    - tear
    - trump up
    - want
    - wash up
    - wrap up
    - wreck
    * * *
    pasivo, -a
    ♦ adj
    1. [persona] passive;
    es muy pasivo he's very passive
    2. Gram passive;
    la voz pasiva the passive voice
    3. [población] inactive;
    las clases pasivas = pensioners and people on benefit
    4. [haber] (received) from a pension
    ♦ nm
    Com liabilities, liabilities and equity pasivo corriente current liabilities;
    pasivo diferido deferred liabilities
    ♦ nm,f
    Urug [pensionista] (old age) pensioner
    * * *
    I adj passive;
    voz pasiva GRAM passive voice
    II m
    1 COM liabilities pl
    2 GRAM passive (voice)
    * * *
    pasivo, -va adj
    : passive
    ♦ pasivamente adv
    pasivo nm
    1) : liability
    activos y pasivos: assets and liabilities
    2) : debit side (of an account)
    * * *
    pasivo adj passive

    Spanish-English dictionary > pasivo

  • 10 adscripticius

    ascriptīcĭus ( adscr-), a, um, adj. [ascribo, II.], enrolled or received in any community ( as citizen, soldier, etc.): novi et adscripticii cives, * Cic. N. D. 3, 15, 39: ascripticii veluti quidam scripti dicebantur, qui supplendis legionibus ascribebantur. Hos et accensos dicebant, quod ad legionum censum essent adscripti, Paul. ex Fest. p. 14 Müll.; cf. ascriptivus: servi, slaves bound to the soil, and transferred with it from one possessor to another, Cod. 11, 47, 6.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > adscripticius

  • 11 ascripticius

    ascriptīcĭus ( adscr-), a, um, adj. [ascribo, II.], enrolled or received in any community ( as citizen, soldier, etc.): novi et adscripticii cives, * Cic. N. D. 3, 15, 39: ascripticii veluti quidam scripti dicebantur, qui supplendis legionibus ascribebantur. Hos et accensos dicebant, quod ad legionum censum essent adscripti, Paul. ex Fest. p. 14 Müll.; cf. ascriptivus: servi, slaves bound to the soil, and transferred with it from one possessor to another, Cod. 11, 47, 6.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > ascripticius

  • 12 τίμημα

    A honouring, tending,

    τύμβου A.Ch. 511

    .
    2 estimate, valuation,

    τ. τῆς ἀξίας E.Hipp. 622

    ;

    τὸ τ. ἐστι τῆς χώρας ἑξακις χιλίων ταλάντων D.14.19

    , cf. Docum.ib.18.55, POxy. 1274.14 (iii A.D.), etc.
    3 payment, τίμαμα hοίσοντι will make payment, Tab.Heracl.1.150, cf. PGrenf.2.67.12 (iii A.D.); τὸ τ. ἔχων having received the price, Alciphr.3.47; pretium = τ. ἐπὶ τοῖς ὠνίοις καταβαλλόμενον, Gloss.
    4 in legal sense, estimate of damages done: hence, penalty, punishment, fine,

    τ. κλῳὸς σύκινος Ar.V. 897

    ; τί τίμημ' ἐπιγράψω τῇ δίκῃ; Id.Pl. 480, cf. Lys.27.16, etc.;

    καὶ ἐγώ τε τῷ τ. ἐμμένω, καὶ οὗτοι Pl.Ap. 39b

    ;

    τ. δὲ [ἔστω], ὅ τι χρὴ πάσχειν ἢ ἀποτίνειν Id.Lg. 941a

    ; τιμάτω τὸ δικαστήριον τὸ τ. ib. 907e, etc.; εἰς τὸ τ. ἀναβάς rising to speak on the matter of the penalty, D.19.290; πρᾶξαι Πειθίαν τὸ τ. τῆς ὕβρεως καὶ ἀποδοῦναί μοι the damages for the assault, PEnteux.74.17 (iii B.C.).
    5 cost, expense, τῷ ἑαυτῆς τ. at her own expense, POxy.1208.4 (iii A.D.);

    κινδύνῳ καὶ πόρῳ καὶ τ. τῆς παντοίας μου ὑποστάσεως PStrassb.40.20

     (vi A.D.), cf. PFlor.297.27 (vi A.D.).
    6 in political sense, the value at which a citizen's property was rated for taxation, his rateable property, IG12.98.11, 22.2498.8, Lys.17.7, 19.48, Pl.Lg. 945a, etc.; ἡ ἀπὸ τιμημάτων πολιτεία a government where the magistrates were chosen according to property, a timocracy, Id.R. 550c;

    ἐκ τιμημάτων αἱ ἀρχαὶ καθίστανται X.Mem. 4.6.12

    , cf. Pl.Lg. 698b;

    ἀπὸ τ. μακρῶν αἱ μεθέξεις τῶν ἀρχῶν Arist.Pol. 1278a23

    ; ἐκκλησιάζειν οἱ μὲν ἀπὸ τιμήματος οὐθενὸς οἱ δ' ἀπὸ μακροῦ τ. ib. 1294b3; δημοκρατικὸν τὸ μὴ ἀπὸ τιμήματος ὀλιγαρχικὸν δὲ τὸ ἀπὸ τ. ib. line 9, cf. 1306b13: the τ. was calculated at so many years' purchase of the

    οὐσία, πεντεκαίδεκα ταλάντων τρία τάλαντα τίμημα D. 27.9

    .

    Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > τίμημα

  • 13 pas

    pas1
    I 〈de〉
    1 [stap] step, pace ⇒ 〈 manier van lopen〉 gait
    2 [paspoort] passport
    3 [leger] pass
    4 [in gebergte] pass
    ♦voorbeelden:
    1   een flinke/veerkrachtige pas • a brisk/buoyant step
         grote passen maken/nemen • stride
         iemand de pas afsnijden • cut/head someone off
         er (flink/stevig) de pas in houden • keep up a brisk pace
         de pas inhouden • check one's step
         een kreet deed mij de pas inhouden • a cry brought me up short/stopped me dead in my tracks
         pas op de plaats maken • 〈 ook figuurlijk〉 mark time
         zijn pas versnellen • quicken one's step
         in de pas lopen/blijven (met) • 〈 leger〉 be in step (with)/keep step (with); 〈 figuurlijk ook〉 be/stay in line (with)
         uit de pas raken/lopen • fall/be out of step
         twee passen hier vandaan • just a few steps away
    2   een pas aanvragen/laten verlengen • apply for a passport, get one's passport extended
    ¶   pas-65+ • senior citizen's pass
    II 〈 het〉
    1 [gunstige gelegenheid] 〈zie voorbeelden 1〉
    2 [waterpas] level
    ♦voorbeelden:
    1   te pas en te onpas praat men daarover • people talk about it whether it is relevant or not
         bij/in iets te pas komen • enter into the matter
         jouw gedrag komt hier niet te pas • your conduct is unbecoming here
         iemands naam te pas en te onpas noemen • bandy someone's name about
         gezien de sterke concurrentie, zal ik er wel niet aan te pas komen • the competition being so strong, I suppose I won't get a chance
         het komt niet in zijn kraam te pas • it does not suit his purpose
         het kwam zo in het gesprek te pas • it just cropped up in the course of the conversation
         als het zo te pas komt, dan … • on occasion …, if required …
         het leger moest er aan te pas komen • the army had to step in
         er moest een sleepboot aan te pas komen om … • a tug had to be called in to …
         daar komt wat meer ervaring bij te pas • that requires a bit more experience
         er komt meer bij te pas dan … • there's more to it than …
         goed te/van pas komen 〈 bijvoorbeeld geld〉 • come in handy/useful
         van pas • (just) in time, in the nick of time
         dat komt uitstekend van pas • that's just the thing
         het komt nu niet erg van pas • it is inconvenient at the moment
         zijn cursus zelfverdediging kwam hem nu goed van pas • his self-defence classes stood him in good stead
         altijd wel van pas komen • always come in handy
    ¶   dat geeft geen pas • that is unbecoming/not done
         het geeft geen pas voor een heer om … • it does not become a gentleman to …
    ————————
    pas2
    1 [juist zo groot als het zijn moet] fit
    2 [waterpas] level
    ♦voorbeelden:
    1   dat is precies pas • that is an exact fit
    2   die drempel is (nog) niet pas • that threshold is not level yet
    II 〈 bijwoord〉
    1 [zojuist, zoëven] (only) just ⇒ recently
    2 [niet meer dan] only, just
    3 [niet eerder dan] only ⇒ not until
    4 [in nog hogere mate] really
    ♦voorbeelden:
    1   ik ben pas klaar • I have only just finished
         pas aangekomen gasten • new arrivals
         hij begint pas • he's just beginning, he's only just started
         pas geplukt • freshly picked
         een pas getrouwd stel • a newly-wed couple
         pas geverfd • wet paint
         ik heb pas nog een brief van haar gekregen • I received a letter from her only recently
         ik werk hier nog maar pas • I'm new to the job
         zo pas • only a minute ago, just now
    2   het is pas een begin • it's only a beginning
         het is pas een jaar geleden • it's only/barely a year since it happened
         hij is pas vijftig (jaar) • he's only fifty
    3   dan pas, nu pas • only then, only now
         pas toen vertelde hij het mij • it was only then that he told me
         pas toen hij weg was, begreep ik … • it was only after he had left that I understood …, only after/not until he left did I understand …
         pas geleden/een paar dagen terug • only recently/only the other day
    4   dat is pas een vent • he's (what I call) a real man
         dit is pas whisky • now this is what I call whisky!
         dat is pas leven! • this is the life!
         dat is pas hard werken! • now, that's what I call hard work!

    Van Dale Handwoordenboek Nederlands-Engels > pas

  • 14 Tesla, Nikola

    SUBJECT AREA: Electricity
    [br]
    b. 9 July 1856 Smiljan, Croatia
    d. 7 January 1943 New York, USA
    [br]
    Serbian (naturalized American) engineer and inventor of polyphase electrical power systems.
    [br]
    While at the technical institute in Graz, Austria, Tesla's attention was drawn to the desirability of constructing a motor without a commutator. He considered the sparking between the commutator and brushes of the Gramme machine when run as a motor a serious defect. In 1881 he went to Budapest to work on the telegraph system and while there conceived the principle of the rotating magnetic field, upon which all polyphase induction motors are based. In 1882 Tesla moved to Paris and joined the Continental Edison Company. After building a prototype of his motor he emigrated to the United States in 1884, becoming an American citizen in 1889. He left Edison and founded an independent concern, the Tesla Electric Company, to develop his inventions.
    The importance of Tesla's first patents, granted in 1888 for alternating-current machines, cannot be over-emphasized. They covered a complete polyphase system including an alternator and induction motor. Other patents included the polyphase transformer, synchronous motor and the star connection of three-phase machines. These were to become the basis of the whole of the modern electric power industry. The Westinghouse company purchased the patents and marketed Tesla motors, obtaining in 1893 the contract for the Niagara Falls two-phase alternators driven by 5,000 hp (3,700 kW) water turbines.
    After a short period with Westinghouse, Tesla resigned to continue his research into high-frequency and high-voltage phenomena using the Tesla coil, an air-cored transformer. He lectured in America and Europe on his high-frequency devices, enjoying a considerable international reputation. The name "tesla" has been given to the SI unit of magnetic-flux density. The induction motor became one of the greatest advances in the industrial application of electricity. A claim for priority of invention of the induction motor was made by protagonists of Galileo Ferraris (1847–1897), whose discovery of rotating magnetic fields produced by alternating currents was made independently of Tesla's. Ferraris demonstrated the phenomenon but neglected its exploitation to produce a practical motor. Tesla himself failed to reap more than a small return on his work and later became more interested in scientific achievement than commercial success, with his patents being infringed on a wide scale.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    American Institute of Electrical Engineers Edison Medal 1917. Tesla received doctorates from fourteen universities.
    Bibliography
    1 May 1888, American patent no. 381,968 (initial patent for the three-phase induction motor).
    1956, Nikola Tesla, 1856–1943, Lectures, Patents, Articles, ed. L.I.Anderson, Belgrade (selected works, in English).
    1977, My Inventions, repub. Zagreb (autobiography).
    Further Reading
    M.Cheney, 1981, Tesla: Man Out of Time, New Jersey (a full biography). C.Mackechnie Jarvis, 1969, in IEE Electronics and Power 15:436–40 (a brief treatment).
    T.C.Martin, 1894, The Inventions, Researches and Writings of Nikola Tesla, New York (covers his early work on polyphase systems).
    GW

    Biographical history of technology > Tesla, Nikola

  • 15 Zworykin, Vladimir Kosma

    [br]
    b. 30 July 1889 Mourum (near Moscow), Russia
    d. 29 July 1982 New York City, New York, USA
    [br]
    Russian (naturalized American 1924) television pioneer who invented the iconoscope and kinescope television camera and display tubes.
    [br]
    Zworykin studied engineering at the Institute of Technology in St Petersburg under Boris Rosing, assisting the latter with his early experiments with television. After graduating in 1912, he spent a time doing X-ray research at the Collège de France in Paris before returning to join the Russian Marconi Company, initially in St Petersburg and then in Moscow. On the outbreak of war in 1917, he joined the Russian Army Signal Corps, but when the war ended in the chaos of the Revolution he set off on his travels, ending up in the USA, where he joined the Westinghouse Corporation. There, in 1923, he filed the first of many patents for a complete system of electronic television, including one for an all-electronic scanning pick-up tube that he called the iconoscope. In 1924 he became a US citizen and invented the kinescope, a hard-vacuum cathode ray tube (CRT) for the display of television pictures, and the following year he patented a camera tube with a mosaic of photoelectric elements and gave a demonstration of still-picture TV. In 1926 he was awarded a PhD by the University of Pittsburgh and in 1928 he was granted a patent for a colour TV system.
    In 1929 he embarked on a tour of Europe to study TV developments; on his return he joined the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) as Director of the Electronics Research Group, first at Camden and then Princeton, New Jersey. Securing a budget to develop an improved CRT picture tube, he soon produced a kinescope with a hard vacuum, an indirectly heated cathode, a signal-modulation grid and electrostatic focusing. In 1933 an improved iconoscope camera tube was produced, and under his direction RCA went on to produce other improved types of camera tube, including the image iconoscope, the orthicon and image orthicon and the vidicon. The secondary-emission effect used in many of these tubes was also used in a scintillation radiation counter. In 1941 he was responsible for the development of the first industrial electron microscope, but for most of the Second World War he directed work concerned with radar, aircraft fire-control and TV-guided missiles.
    After the war he worked for a time on high-speed memories and medical electronics, becoming Vice-President and Technical Consultant in 1947. He "retired" from RCA and was made an honorary vice-president in 1954, but he retained an office and continued to work there almost up until his death; he also served as Director of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research from 1954 until 1962.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Zworykin received some twenty-seven awards and honours for his contributions to television engineering and medical electronics, including the Institution of Electrical Engineers Faraday Medal 1965; US Medal of Science 1966; and the US National Hall of Fame 1977.
    Bibliography
    29 December 1923, US patent no. 2,141, 059 (the original iconoscope patent; finally granted in December 1938!).
    13 July 1925, US patent no. 1,691, 324 (colour television system).
    1930, with D.E.Wilson, Photocells and Their Applications, New York: Wiley. 1934, "The iconoscope. A modern version of the electric eye". Proceedings of the
    Institute of Radio Engineers 22:16.
    1946, Electron Optics and the Electron Microscope.
    1940, with G.A.Morton, Television; revised 1954.
    Further Reading
    J.H.Udelson, 1982, The Great Television Race: History of the Television Industry 1925– 41: University of Alabama Press.
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Zworykin, Vladimir Kosma

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